Scala Standard Library2.13.17 < Back
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# Packages

-  package root

  This is the documentation for the Scala standard library.

  This is the documentation for the Scala standard library.

  #### Package structure

  The scala package contains core types like `Int`, `Float`, `Array` or `Option` which are accessible in all Scala compilation units without explicit qualification or imports.

  Notable packages include:

  - `scala.collection` and its sub-packages contain Scala's collections framework
    - `scala.collection.immutable` - Immutable, sequential data-structures such as `Vector`, `List`, `Range`, `HashMap` or `HashSet`
    - `scala.collection.mutable` - Mutable, sequential data-structures such as `ArrayBuffer`, `StringBuilder`, `HashMap` or `HashSet`
    - `scala.collection.concurrent` - Mutable, concurrent data-structures such as `TrieMap`
  - `scala.concurrent` - Primitives for concurrent programming such as `Futures` and `Promises`
  - `scala.io` - Input and output operations
  - `scala.math` - Basic math functions and additional numeric types like `BigInt` and `BigDecimal`
  - `scala.sys` - Interaction with other processes and the operating system
  - `scala.util.matching` - Regular expressions

  Other packages exist. See the complete list on the right.

  Additional parts of the standard library are shipped as separate libraries. These include:

  - `scala.reflect` - Scala's reflection API (scala-reflect.jar)
  - `scala.xml` - XML parsing, manipulation, and serialization (scala-xml.jar)
  - `scala.collection.parallel` - Parallel collections (scala-parallel-collections.jar)
  - `scala.util.parsing` - Parser combinators (scala-parser-combinators.jar)
  - `scala.swing` - A convenient wrapper around Java's GUI framework called Swing (scala-swing.jar)

  #### Automatic imports

  Identifiers in the scala package and the `scala.Predef` object are always in scope by default.

  Some of these identifiers are type aliases provided as shortcuts to commonly used classes. For example, `List` is an alias for `scala.collection.immutable.List`.

  Other aliases refer to classes provided by the underlying platform. For example, on the JVM, `String` is an alias for `java.lang.String`.

  Definition Classes
    root
-  package scala

  Core Scala types.

  Core Scala types. They are always available without an explicit import.

  Definition Classes
    root
-  package annotation
  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package beans
  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package collection
  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package compat
  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package concurrent

  This package object contains primitives for concurrent and parallel programming.

  This package object contains primitives for concurrent and parallel programming.

  #### Guide

  A more detailed guide to Futures and Promises, including discussion and examples can be found at https://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/core/futures.html.

  #### Common Imports

  When working with Futures, you will often find that importing the whole concurrent package is convenient:

      import scala.concurrent._

  When using things like `Future`s, it is often required to have an implicit `ExecutionContext` in scope. The general advice for these implicits are as follows.

  If the code in question is a class or method definition, and no `ExecutionContext` is available, request one from the caller by adding an implicit parameter list:

      def myMethod(myParam: MyType)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext) = …
      //Or
      class MyClass(myParam: MyType)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext) { … }

  This allows the caller of the method, or creator of the instance of the class, to decide which `ExecutionContext` should be used.

  For typical REPL usage and experimentation, importing the global `ExecutionContext` is often desired.

      import scala.concurrent.ExcutionContext.Implicits.global

  #### Specifying Durations

  Operations often require a duration to be specified. A duration DSL is available to make defining these easier:

      import scala.concurrent.duration._
      val d: Duration = 10.seconds

  #### Using Futures For Non-blocking Computation

  Basic use of futures is easy with the factory method on Future, which executes a provided function asynchronously, handing you back a future result of that function without blocking the current thread. In order to create the Future you will need either an implicit or explicit ExecutionContext to be provided:

      import scala.concurrent._
      import ExecutionContext.Implicits.global  // implicit execution context

      val firstZebra: Future[Int] = Future {
        val words = Files.readAllLines("/etc/dictionaries-common/words").asScala
        words.indexOfSlice("zebra")
      }

  #### Avoid Blocking

  Although blocking is possible in order to await results (with a mandatory timeout duration):

      import scala.concurrent.duration._
      Await.result(firstZebra, 10.seconds)

  and although this is sometimes necessary to do, in particular for testing purposes, blocking in general is discouraged when working with Futures and concurrency in order to avoid potential deadlocks and improve performance. Instead, use callbacks or combinators to remain in the future domain:

      val animalRange: Future[Int] = for {
        aardvark <- firstAardvark
        zebra <- firstZebra
      } yield zebra - aardvark

      animalRange.onSuccess {
        case x if x > 500000 => println("It's a long way from Aardvark to Zebra")
      }

  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package io
  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package jdk

  The jdk package contains utilities to interact with JDK classes.

  The jdk package contains utilities to interact with JDK classes.

  This packages offers a number of converters, that are able to wrap or copy types from the scala library to equivalent types in the JDK class library and vice versa:

  - CollectionConverters, converting collections like scala.collection.Seq, scala.collection.Map, scala.collection.Set, scala.collection.mutable.Buffer, scala.collection.Iterator and scala.collection.Iterable to their JDK counterparts
  - OptionConverters, converting between Option and java.util.Optional and primitive variations
  - StreamConverters, to create JDK Streams from scala collections
  - DurationConverters, for conversions between scala scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration and java.time.Duration
  - FunctionConverters, from scala Functions to java java.util.function.Function, java.util.function.UnaryOperator, java.util.function.Consumer and java.util.function.Predicate, as well as primitive variations and Bi-variations.

  By convention, converters that wrap an object to provide a different interface to the same underlying data structure use .asScala and .asJava extension methods, whereas converters that copy the underlying data structure use .toScala and .toJava.

  In the javaapi package, the same converters can be found with a java-friendly interface that don't rely on implicit enrichments.

  Additionally, this package offers Accumulators, capable of efficiently traversing JDK Streams.

  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package math

  The package object `scala.math` contains methods for performing basic numeric operations such as elementary exponential, logarithmic, root and trigonometric functions.

  The package object `scala.math` contains methods for performing basic numeric operations such as elementary exponential, logarithmic, root and trigonometric functions.

  All methods forward to java.lang.Math unless otherwise noted.

  Definition Classes
    scala
  See also

    java.lang.Math

-  package ref
  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package reflect
  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package sys

  The package object `scala.sys` contains methods for reading and altering core aspects of the virtual machine as well as the world outside of it.

  The package object `scala.sys` contains methods for reading and altering core aspects of the virtual machine as well as the world outside of it.

  Definition Classes
    scala
-  package util
  Definition Classes
    scala
- #::
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o

scala

# Function1

###
Companion trait Function1

#### object Function1

Source
  Function1.scala

Linear Supertypes
AnyRef, Any
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Ordering

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2. By Inheritance

Inherited

1. Function1
2. AnyRef
3. Any

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Visibility

1. Public
2. Protected

### Type Members

1.  implicit final class UnliftOps[A, B] extends AnyVal

### Value Members

1.  final def !=(arg0: Any): Boolean

   Test two objects for inequality.

   Test two objects for inequality.

   returns

     `true` if !(this == that), false otherwise.

   Definition Classes
     AnyRef → Any
2.  final def ##: Int

   Equivalent to `x.hashCode` except for boxed numeric types and `null`.

   Equivalent to `x.hashCode` except for boxed numeric types and `null`. For numerics, it returns a hash value which is consistent with value equality: if two value type instances compare as true, then ## will produce the same hash value for each of them. For `null` returns a hashcode where `null.hashCode` throws a `NullPointerException`.

   returns

     a hash value consistent with ==

   Definition Classes
     AnyRef → Any
3.  final def ==(arg0: Any): Boolean

   The expression `x == that` is equivalent to `if (x eq null) that eq null else x.equals(that)`.

   The expression `x == that` is equivalent to `if (x eq null) that eq null else x.equals(that)`.

   returns

     `true` if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; `false` otherwise.

   Definition Classes
     AnyRef → Any
4.  final def asInstanceOf[T0]: T0

   Forces the compiler to treat the receiver object as having type `T0`, even though doing so may violate type safety.

   Forces the compiler to treat the receiver object as having type `T0`, even though doing so may violate type safety.

   This method is useful when you believe you have type information the compiler doesn't, and it also isn't possible to check the type at runtime. In such situations, skipping type safety is the only option.

   It is platform dependent whether `asInstanceOf` has any effect at runtime. It might do a runtime type test on the erasure of `T0`, insert a conversion (such as boxing/unboxing), fill in a default value, or do nothing at all.

   In particular, `asInstanceOf` is not a type test. It does **not** mean:

       this match {
        case x: T0 => x
        case _     => throw ClassCastException("...")

   Use pattern matching or isInstanceOf for type testing instead.

   Situations where `asInstanceOf` is useful:

   - when flow analysis fails to deduce `T0` automatically
   - when down-casting a type parameter or an abstract type member (which cannot be checked at runtime due to type erasure) If there is any doubt and you are able to type test instead, you should do so.

   Be careful of using `asInstanceOf` when `T0` is a primitive type. When `T0` is primitive, `asInstanceOf` may insert a conversion instead of a type test. If your intent is to convert, use a `toT` method (`x.toChar`, `x.toByte`, etc.).

   returns

     the receiver object.

   Definition Classes
     Any
   Exceptions thrown

     `ClassCastException` if the receiver is not an instance of the erasure of `T0`, if that can be checked on this platform

5.  def clone(): AnyRef

   Create a copy of the receiver object.

   Create a copy of the receiver object.

   The default implementation of the `clone` method is platform dependent.

   returns

     a copy of the receiver object.

   Attributes
     protected[lang]
   Definition Classes
     AnyRef
   Annotations
     @throws(classOf[java.lang.CloneNotSupportedException]) @native()
   Note

     not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef

6.  final def eq(arg0: AnyRef): Boolean

   Tests whether the argument (`that`) is a reference to the receiver object (`this`).

   Tests whether the argument (`that`) is a reference to the receiver object (`this`).

   The `eq` method implements an equivalence relation on non-null instances of `AnyRef`, and has three additional properties:

   - It is consistent: for any non-null instances `x` and `y` of type `AnyRef`, multiple invocations of `x.eq(y)` consistently returns `true` or consistently returns `false`.
   - For any non-null instance `x` of type `AnyRef`, `x.eq(null)` and `null.eq(x)` returns `false`.
   - `null.eq(null)` returns `true`.

   When overriding the `equals` or `hashCode` methods, it is important to ensure that their behavior is consistent with reference equality. Therefore, if two objects are references to each other (`o1 eq o2`), they should be equal to each other (`o1 == o2`) and they should hash to the same value (`o1.hashCode == o2.hashCode`).

   returns

     `true` if the argument is a reference to the receiver object; `false` otherwise.

   Definition Classes
     AnyRef
7.  def equals(arg0: AnyRef): Boolean

   The equality method for reference types.

   The equality method for reference types. Default implementation delegates to `eq`.

   See also `equals` in scala.Any.

   returns

     `true` if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; `false` otherwise.

   Definition Classes
     AnyRef → Any
8.  def finalize(): Unit

   Called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when there are no more references to the object.

   Called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when there are no more references to the object.

   The details of when and if the `finalize` method is invoked, as well as the interaction between `finalize` and non-local returns and exceptions, are all platform dependent.

   Attributes
     protected[lang]
   Definition Classes
     AnyRef
   Annotations
     @throws(classOf[java.lang.Throwable])
   Note

     not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef

9.  final def getClass(): Class[_ <: AnyRef]

   Returns the runtime class representation of the object.

   Returns the runtime class representation of the object.

   returns

     a class object corresponding to the runtime type of the receiver.

   Definition Classes
     AnyRef → Any
   Annotations
     @native()
10.  def hashCode(): Int

    The hashCode method for reference types.

    The hashCode method for reference types. See hashCode in scala.Any.

    returns

      the hash code value for this object.

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef → Any
    Annotations
      @native()
11.  final def isInstanceOf[T0]: Boolean

    Test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object has the same erasure as `T0`.

    Test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object has the same erasure as `T0`.

    Depending on what `T0` is, the test is done in one of the below ways:

    - `T0` is a non-parameterized class type, e.g. `BigDecimal`: this method returns `true` if the value of the receiver object is a `BigDecimal` or a subtype of `BigDecimal`.
    - `T0` is a parameterized class type, e.g. `List[Int]`: this method returns `true` if the value of the receiver object is some `List[X]` for any `X`. For example, `List(1, 2, 3).isInstanceOf[List[String]]` will return true.
    - `T0` is some singleton type `x.type` or literal `x`: this method returns `this.eq(x)`. For example, `x.isInstanceOf[1]` is equivalent to `x.eq(1)`
    - `T0` is an intersection `X with Y` or `X & Y: this method is equivalent to` x.isInstanceOf[X] && x.isInstanceOf[Y]``
    - `T0` is a union `X | Y`: this method is equivalent to `x.isInstanceOf[X] || x.isInstanceOf[Y]`
    - `T0` is a type parameter or an abstract type member: this method is equivalent to `isInstanceOf[U]` where `U` is `T0`'s upper bound, `Any` if `T0` is unbounded. For example, `x.isInstanceOf[A]` where `A` is an unbounded type parameter will return true for any value of `x`.

    This is exactly equivalent to the type pattern `_: T0`

    returns

      `true` if the receiver object is an instance of erasure of type `T0`; `false` otherwise.

    Definition Classes
      Any
    Note

      due to the unexpectedness of `List(1, 2, 3).isInstanceOf[List[String]]` returning true and `x.isInstanceOf[A]` where `A` is a type parameter or abstract member returning true, these forms issue a warning.

12.  final def ne(arg0: AnyRef): Boolean

    Equivalent to `!(this eq that)`.

    Equivalent to `!(this eq that)`.

    returns

      `true` if the argument is not a reference to the receiver object; `false` otherwise.

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef
13.  final def notify(): Unit

    Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.

    Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef
    Annotations
      @native()
    Note

      not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef

14.  final def notifyAll(): Unit

    Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.

    Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef
    Annotations
      @native()
    Note

      not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef

15.  final def synchronized[T0](arg0: => T0): T0

    Executes the code in `body` with an exclusive lock on `this`.

    Executes the code in `body` with an exclusive lock on `this`.

    returns

      the result of `body`

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef
16.  def toString(): String

    Creates a String representation of this object.

    Creates a String representation of this object. The default representation is platform dependent. On the java platform it is the concatenation of the class name, "@", and the object's hashcode in hexadecimal.

    returns

      a String representation of the object.

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef → Any
17.  final def wait(): Unit

    See https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#wait--.

    See https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#wait--.

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef
    Annotations
      @throws(classOf[java.lang.InterruptedException])
    Note

      not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef

18.  final def wait(arg0: Long, arg1: Int): Unit

    See https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#wait-long-int-

    See https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#wait-long-int-

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef
    Annotations
      @throws(classOf[java.lang.InterruptedException])
    Note

      not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef

19.  final def wait(arg0: Long): Unit

    See https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#wait-long-.

    See https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#wait-long-.

    Definition Classes
      AnyRef
    Annotations
      @throws(classOf[java.lang.InterruptedException]) @native()
    Note

      not specified by SLS as a member of AnyRef

### Inherited from AnyRef

### Inherited from Any

### Ungrouped