Packages

  • package root

    This is the documentation for the Scala standard library.

    This is the documentation for the Scala standard library.

    Package structure

    The scala package contains core types like Int, Float, Array or Option which are accessible in all Scala compilation units without explicit qualification or imports.

    Notable packages include:

    Other packages exist. See the complete list on the right.

    Additional parts of the standard library are shipped as separate libraries. These include:

    • scala.reflect - Scala's reflection API (scala-reflect.jar)
    • scala.xml - XML parsing, manipulation, and serialization (scala-xml.jar)
    • scala.collection.parallel - Parallel collections (scala-parallel-collections.jar)
    • scala.util.parsing - Parser combinators (scala-parser-combinators.jar)
    • scala.swing - A convenient wrapper around Java's GUI framework called Swing (scala-swing.jar)

    Automatic imports

    Identifiers in the scala package and the scala.Predef object are always in scope by default.

    Some of these identifiers are type aliases provided as shortcuts to commonly used classes. For example, List is an alias for scala.collection.immutable.List.

    Other aliases refer to classes provided by the underlying platform. For example, on the JVM, String is an alias for java.lang.String.

    Definition Classes
    root
  • package scala

    Core Scala types.

    Core Scala types. They are always available without an explicit import.

    Definition Classes
    root
  • package sys

    The package object scala.sys contains methods for reading and altering core aspects of the virtual machine as well as the world outside of it.

    The package object scala.sys contains methods for reading and altering core aspects of the virtual machine as well as the world outside of it.

    Definition Classes
    scala
    Since

    2.9

  • package process

    This package handles the execution of external processes.

    This package handles the execution of external processes. The contents of this package can be divided in three groups, according to their responsibilities:

    • Indicating what to run and how to run it.
    • Handling a process input and output.
    • Running the process.

    For simple uses, the only group that matters is the first one. Running an external command can be as simple as "ls".!, or as complex as building a pipeline of commands such as this:

    import scala.sys.process._
    "ls" #| "grep .scala" #&& Seq("sh", "-c", "scalac *.scala") #|| "echo nothing found" lazyLines

    We describe below the general concepts and architecture of the package, and then take a closer look at each of the categories mentioned above.

    Concepts and Architecture

    The underlying basis for the whole package is Java's Process and ProcessBuilder classes. While there's no need to use these Java classes, they impose boundaries on what is possible. One cannot, for instance, retrieve a process id for whatever is executing.

    When executing an external process, one can provide a command's name, arguments to it, the directory in which it will be executed and what environment variables will be set. For each executing process, one can feed its standard input through a java.io.OutputStream, and read from its standard output and standard error through a pair of java.io.InputStream. One can wait until a process finishes execution and then retrieve its return value, or one can kill an executing process. Everything else must be built on those features.

    This package provides a DSL for running and chaining such processes, mimicking Unix shells ability to pipe output from one process to the input of another, or control the execution of further processes based on the return status of the previous one.

    In addition to this DSL, this package also provides a few ways of controlling input and output of these processes, going from simple and easy to use to complex and flexible.

    When processes are composed, a new ProcessBuilder is created which, when run, will execute the ProcessBuilder instances it is composed of according to the manner of the composition. If piping one process to another, they'll be executed simultaneously, and each will be passed a ProcessIO that will copy the output of one to the input of the other.

    What to Run and How

    The central component of the process execution DSL is the scala.sys.process.ProcessBuilder trait. It is ProcessBuilder that implements the process execution DSL, that creates the scala.sys.process.Process that will handle the execution, and return the results of such execution to the caller. We can see that DSL in the introductory example: #|, #&& and #!! are methods on ProcessBuilder used to create a new ProcessBuilder through composition.

    One creates a ProcessBuilder either through factories on the scala.sys.process.Process's companion object, or through implicit conversions available in this package object itself. Implicitly, each process is created either out of a String, with arguments separated by spaces -- no escaping of spaces is possible -- or out of a scala.collection.Seq, where the first element represents the command name, and the remaining elements are arguments to it. In this latter case, arguments may contain spaces.

    To further control what how the process will be run, such as specifying the directory in which it will be run, see the factories on scala.sys.process.Process's companion object.

    Once the desired ProcessBuilder is available, it can be executed in different ways, depending on how one desires to control its I/O, and what kind of result one wishes for:

    • Return status of the process (! methods)
    • Output of the process as a String (!! methods)
    • Continuous output of the process as a LazyList[String] (lazyLines methods)
    • The Process representing it (run methods)

    Some simple examples of these methods:

    import scala.sys.process._
    
    // This uses ! to get the exit code
    def fileExists(name: String) = Seq("test", "-f", name).! == 0
    
    // This uses !! to get the whole result as a string
    val dirContents = "ls".!!
    
    // This "fire-and-forgets" the method, which can be lazily read through
    // a LazyList[String]
    def sourceFilesAt(baseDir: String): LazyList[String] = {
      val cmd = Seq("find", baseDir, "-name", "*.scala", "-type", "f")
      cmd.lazyLines
    }

    We'll see more details about controlling I/O of the process in the next section.

    Handling Input and Output

    In the underlying Java model, once a Process has been started, one can get java.io.InputStream and java.io.OutputStream representing its output and input respectively. That is, what one writes to an OutputStream is turned into input to the process, and the output of a process can be read from an InputStream -- of which there are two, one representing normal output, and the other representing error output.

    This model creates a difficulty, which is that the code responsible for actually running the external processes is the one that has to take decisions about how to handle its I/O.

    This package presents an alternative model: the I/O of a running process is controlled by a scala.sys.process.ProcessIO object, which can be passed _to_ the code that runs the external process. A ProcessIO will have direct access to the java streams associated with the process I/O. It must, however, close these streams afterwards.

    Simpler abstractions are available, however. The components of this package that handle I/O are:

    Some examples of I/O handling:

    import scala.sys.process._
    
    // An overly complex way of computing size of a compressed file
    def gzFileSize(name: String) = {
      val cat = Seq("zcat", name)
      var count = 0
      def byteCounter(input: java.io.InputStream) = {
        while(input.read() != -1) count += 1
        input.close()
      }
      val p = cat run new ProcessIO(_.close(), byteCounter, _.close())
      p.exitValue()
      count
    }
    
    // This "fire-and-forgets" the method, which can be lazily read through
    // a LazyList[String], and accumulates all errors on a StringBuffer
    def sourceFilesAt(baseDir: String): (LazyList[String], StringBuffer) = {
      val buffer = new StringBuffer()
      val cmd = Seq("find", baseDir, "-name", "*.scala", "-type", "f")
      val lazyLines = cmd lazyLines_! ProcessLogger(buffer append _)
      (lazyLines, buffer)
    }

    Instances of the java classes java.io.File and java.net.URL can both be used directly as input to other processes, and java.io.File can be used as output as well. One can even pipe one to the other directly without any intervening process, though that's not a design goal or recommended usage. For example, the following code will copy a web page to a file:

    import java.io.File
    import java.net.URL
    import scala.sys.process._
    new URL("http://www.scala-lang.org/") #> new File("scala-lang.html") !

    More information about the other ways of controlling I/O can be found in the Scaladoc for the associated objects, traits and classes.

    Running the Process

    Paradoxically, this is the simplest component of all, and the one least likely to be interacted with. It consists solely of scala.sys.process.Process, and it provides only two methods:

    • exitValue(): blocks until the process exit, and then returns the exit value. This is what happens when one uses the ! method of ProcessBuilder.
    • destroy(): this will kill the external process and close the streams associated with it.
    Definition Classes
    sys
  • BooleanProp
  • Prop
  • ShutdownHookThread
  • SystemProperties

trait BooleanProp extends Prop[Boolean]

A few additional conveniences for Boolean properties.

Source
BooleanProp.scala
Linear Supertypes
Type Hierarchy
Ordering
  1. Alphabetic
  2. By Inheritance
Inherited
  1. BooleanProp
  2. Prop
  3. AnyRef
  4. Any
Implicitly
  1. by booleanPropAsBoolean
  2. by any2stringadd
  3. by StringFormat
  4. by Ensuring
  5. by ArrowAssoc
  1. Hide All
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Visibility
  1. Public
  2. All

Abstract Value Members

  1. abstract def clear(): Unit

    Removes the property from the underlying map.

    Removes the property from the underlying map.

    Definition Classes
    Prop
  2. abstract def disable(): Unit

    Alter this property so that value will be false.

  3. abstract def enable(): Unit

    Alter this property so that value will be true.

  4. abstract def get: String

    Gets the current string value if any.

    Gets the current string value if any. Will not return null: use isSet to test for existence.

    returns

    the current string value if any, else the empty string

    Definition Classes
    Prop
  5. abstract def isSet: Boolean

    True if the key exists in the properties map.

    True if the key exists in the properties map. Note that this is not sufficient for a Boolean property to be considered true.

    returns

    whether the map contains the key

    Definition Classes
    Prop
  6. abstract def key: String

    The full name of the property, e.g., "java.awt.headless".

    The full name of the property, e.g., "java.awt.headless".

    Definition Classes
    Prop
  7. abstract def option: Option[Boolean]

    Some(value) if the property is set, None otherwise.

    Some(value) if the property is set, None otherwise.

    Definition Classes
    Prop
  8. abstract def set(newValue: String): String

    Sets the property.

    Sets the property.

    newValue

    the new string value

    returns

    the old value, or null if it was unset.

    Definition Classes
    Prop
  9. abstract def setValue[T1 >: Boolean](value: T1): Boolean

    Sets the property with a value of the represented type.

    Sets the property with a value of the represented type.

    Definition Classes
    Prop
  10. abstract def toggle(): Unit

    Toggle the property between enabled and disabled states.

  11. abstract def value: Boolean

    The semantics of value are determined at Prop creation.

    The semantics of value are determined at Prop creation. See methods valueIsTrue and keyExists in object BooleanProp for examples.

    returns

    true if the current String is considered true, false otherwise

    Definition Classes
    BooleanPropProp

Concrete Value Members

  1. def &(x: Boolean): Boolean

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if both of them evaluate to true.

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if both of them evaluate to true.

    a & b returns true if and only if

    • a and b are true.
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from BooleanProp toBoolean performed by method booleanPropAsBoolean in scala.sys.BooleanProp.
    Definition Classes
    Boolean
    Note

    This method evaluates both a and b, even if the result is already determined after evaluating a.

  2. def &&(x: Boolean): Boolean

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if both of them evaluate to true.

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if both of them evaluate to true.

    a && b returns true if and only if

    • a and b are true.
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from BooleanProp toBoolean performed by method booleanPropAsBoolean in scala.sys.BooleanProp.
    Definition Classes
    Boolean
    Note

    This method uses 'short-circuit' evaluation and behaves as if it was declared as def &&(x: => Boolean): Boolean. If a evaluates to false, false is returned without evaluating b.

  3. def ^(x: Boolean): Boolean

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if they evaluate to a different value.

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if they evaluate to a different value.

    a ^ b returns true if and only if

    • a is true and b is false or
    • a is false and b is true.
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from BooleanProp toBoolean performed by method booleanPropAsBoolean in scala.sys.BooleanProp.
    Definition Classes
    Boolean
  4. def unary_!: Boolean

    Negates a Boolean expression.

    Negates a Boolean expression.

    - !a results in false if and only if a evaluates to true and - !a results in true if and only if a evaluates to false.

    returns

    the negated expression

    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from BooleanProp toBoolean performed by method booleanPropAsBoolean in scala.sys.BooleanProp.
    Definition Classes
    Boolean
  5. def |(x: Boolean): Boolean

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if one or both of them evaluate to true.

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if one or both of them evaluate to true.

    a | b returns true if and only if

    • a is true or
    • b is true or
    • a and b are true.
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from BooleanProp toBoolean performed by method booleanPropAsBoolean in scala.sys.BooleanProp.
    Definition Classes
    Boolean
    Note

    This method evaluates both a and b, even if the result is already determined after evaluating a.

  6. def ||(x: Boolean): Boolean

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if one or both of them evaluate to true.

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if one or both of them evaluate to true.

    a || b returns true if and only if

    • a is true or
    • b is true or
    • a and b are true.
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from BooleanProp toBoolean performed by method booleanPropAsBoolean in scala.sys.BooleanProp.
    Definition Classes
    Boolean
    Note

    This method uses 'short-circuit' evaluation and behaves as if it was declared as def ||(x: => Boolean): Boolean. If a evaluates to true, true is returned without evaluating b.

Shadowed Implicit Value Members

  1. def !=(x: Boolean): Boolean

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if they evaluate to a different value.

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if they evaluate to a different value.

    a != b returns true if and only if

    • a is true and b is false or
    • a is false and b is true.
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from BooleanProp toBoolean performed by method booleanPropAsBoolean in scala.sys.BooleanProp.
    Shadowing
    This implicitly inherited member is shadowed by one or more members in this class.
    To access this member you can use a type ascription:
    (booleanProp: Boolean).!=(x)
    Definition Classes
    Boolean
  2. def ==(x: Boolean): Boolean

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if they evaluate to the same value.

    Compares two Boolean expressions and returns true if they evaluate to the same value.

    a == b returns true if and only if

    • a and b are true or
    • a and b are false.
    Implicit
    This member is added by an implicit conversion from BooleanProp toBoolean performed by method booleanPropAsBoolean in scala.sys.BooleanProp.
    Shadowing
    This implicitly inherited member is shadowed by one or more members in this class.
    To access this member you can use a type ascription:
    (booleanProp: Boolean).==(x)
    Definition Classes
    Boolean