A method that should be called from every well-designed equals method that is open to be overridden in a subclass. See Programming in Scala, Chapter 28 for discussion and design.

Returns the option's value.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => x
  case None    => throw new Exception
}

The size of this product.

The n^th element of this product, 0-based. In other words, for a product A(x1, ..., xk), returns x(n+1) where 0 <= n < k.

Test two objects for inequality.

Equivalent to x.hashCode except for boxed numeric types and null. For numerics, it returns a hash value which is consistent with value equality: if two value type instances compare as true, then ## will produce the same hash value for each of them. For null returns a hashcode where null.hashCode throws a NullPointerException.

Alias for concat

The expression x == that is equivalent to if (x eq null) that eq null else x.equals(that).

Appends all elements of this iterable collection to a string builder. The written text consists of the string representations (w.r.t. the method toString) of all elements of this iterable collection without any separator string.

Example:

scala> val a = List(1,2,3,4)
a: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4)

scala> val b = new StringBuilder()
b: StringBuilder =

scala> val h = a.addString(b)
h: StringBuilder = 1234

Appends all elements of this iterable collection to a string builder using a separator string. The written text consists of the string representations (w.r.t. the method toString) of all elements of this iterable collection, separated by the string sep.

Example:

scala> val a = List(1,2,3,4)
a: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4)

scala> val b = new StringBuilder()
b: StringBuilder =

scala> a.addString(b, ", ")
res0: StringBuilder = 1, 2, 3, 4

Appends all elements of this iterable collection to a string builder using start, end, and separator strings. The written text begins with the string start and ends with the string end. Inside, the string representations (w.r.t. the method toString) of all elements of this iterable collection are separated by the string sep.

Example:

scala> val a = List(1,2,3,4)
a: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4)

scala> val b = new StringBuilder()
b: StringBuilder =

scala> a.addString(b , "List(" , ", " , ")")
res5: StringBuilder = List(1, 2, 3, 4)

Cast the receiver object to be of type T0.

Note that the success of a cast at runtime is modulo Scala's erasure semantics. Therefore the expression 1.asInstanceOf[String] will throw a ClassCastException at runtime, while the expression List(1).asInstanceOf[List[String]] will not. In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as part of compilation it is not possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the requested type.

Create a copy of the receiver object.

The default implementation of the clone method is platform dependent.

Returns a scala.Some containing the result of applying pf to this scala.Option's contained value, if this option is nonempty and pf is defined for that value. Returns None otherwise.

Finds the first element of the iterable collection for which the given partial function is defined, and applies the partial function to it.

Note: may not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Returns a new iterable collection containing the elements from the left hand operand followed by the elements from the right hand operand. The element type of the iterable collection is the most specific superclass encompassing the element types of the two operands.

Tests whether the option contains a given value as an element.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => x == elem
  case None    => false
}

Copy elements to an array, returning the number of elements written.

Fills the given array xs starting at index start with at most len elements of this iterable collection.

Copying will stop once either all the elements of this iterable collection have been copied, or the end of the array is reached, or len elements have been copied.

Copy elements to an array, returning the number of elements written.

Fills the given array xs starting at index start with values of this iterable collection.

Copying will stop once either all the elements of this iterable collection have been copied, or the end of the array is reached.

Copy elements to an array, returning the number of elements written.

Fills the given array xs starting at index start with values of this iterable collection.

Copying will stop once either all the elements of this iterable collection have been copied, or the end of the array is reached.

Tests whether every element of this collection's iterator relates to the corresponding element of another collection by satisfying a test predicate.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Selects all elements except first n ones.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Selects all elements except last n ones.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Drops longest prefix of elements that satisfy a predicate.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

The empty iterable of the same type as this iterable

Tests whether the argument (that) is a reference to the receiver object (this).

The eq method implements an equivalence relation on non-null instances of AnyRef, and has three additional properties:

• It is consistent: for any non-null instances x and y of type AnyRef, multiple invocations of x.eq(y) consistently returns true or consistently returns false.
• For any non-null instance x of type AnyRef, x.eq(null) and null.eq(x) returns false.
• null.eq(null) returns true.

When overriding the equals or hashCode methods, it is important to ensure that their behavior is consistent with reference equality. Therefore, if two objects are references to each other (o1 eq o2), they should be equal to each other (o1 == o2) and they should hash to the same value (o1.hashCode == o2.hashCode).

The equality method for reference types. Default implementation delegates to eq.

See also equals in scala.Any.

Returns true if this option is nonempty and the predicate p returns true when applied to this scala.Option's value. Otherwise, returns false.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => p(x)
  case None    => false
}

Returns this scala.Option if it is nonempty and applying the predicate p to this scala.Option's value returns true. Otherwise, return None.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) if p(x) => Some(x)
  case _               => None
}

Returns this scala.Option if it is nonempty and applying the predicate p to this scala.Option's value returns false. Otherwise, return None.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) if !p(x) => Some(x)
  case _                => None
}

Called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when there are no more references to the object.

The details of when and if the finalize method is invoked, as well as the interaction between finalize and non-local returns and exceptions, are all platform dependent.

Returns the result of applying f to this scala.Option's value if this scala.Option is nonempty. Returns None if this scala.Option is empty. Slightly different from map in that f is expected to return an scala.Option (which could be None).

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => f(x)
  case None    => None
}

Returns the nested scala.Option value if it is nonempty. Otherwise, return None.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(Some(b)) => Some(b)
  case _             => None
}

Returns the result of applying f to this scala.Option's value if the scala.Option is nonempty. Otherwise, evaluates expression ifEmpty.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => f(x)
  case None    => ifEmpty
}

This is also equivalent to:

option map f getOrElse ifEmpty

Applies a binary operator to a start value and all elements of this iterable collection, going left to right.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered or the operator is associative and commutative.

Applies a binary operator to all elements of this iterable collection and a start value, going right to left.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered or the operator is associative and commutative.

Returns true if this option is empty or the predicate p returns true when applied to this scala.Option's value.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => p(x)
  case None    => true
}

Apply the given procedure f to the option's value, if it is nonempty. Otherwise, do nothing.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => f(x)
  case None    => ()
}

Returns string formatted according to given format string. Format strings are as for String.format (@see java.lang.String.format).

Returns the runtime class representation of the object.

Returns the option's value if the option is nonempty, otherwise return the result of evaluating default.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => x
  case None    => default
}

Partitions this iterable collection into a map of iterable collections according to some discriminator function.

Note: Even when applied to a view or a lazy collection it will always force the elements.

Partitions this iterable collection into a map of iterable collections according to a discriminator function key. Each element in a group is transformed into a value of type B using the value function.

It is equivalent to groupBy(key).mapValues(_.map(f)), but more efficient.

case class User(name: String, age: Int)

def namesByAge(users: Seq[User]): Map[Int, Seq[String]] =
  users.groupMap(_.age)(_.name)

Note: Even when applied to a view or a lazy collection it will always force the elements.

Partitions this iterable collection into a map according to a discriminator function key. All the values that have the same discriminator are then transformed by the value function and then reduced into a single value with the reduce function.

It is equivalent to groupBy(key).mapValues(_.map(f).reduce(reduce)), but more efficient.

def occurrences[A](as: Seq[A]): Map[A, Int] =
  as.groupMapReduce(identity)(_ => 1)(_ + _)

Note: Even when applied to a view or a lazy collection it will always force the elements.

Partitions elements in fixed size iterable collections.

The hashCode method for reference types. See hashCode in scala.Any.

Selects the first element of this iterable collection.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Optionally selects the first element.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

The initial part of the collection without its last element.

Note: Even when applied to a view or a lazy collection it will always force the elements.

Iterates over the inits of this iterable collection. The first value will be this iterable collection and the final one will be an empty iterable collection, with the intervening values the results of successive applications of init.

Note: Even when applied to a view or a lazy collection it will always force the elements.

Returns true if the option is an instance of scala.Some, false otherwise.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(_) => true
  case None    => false
}

Returns true if the option is None, false otherwise.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(_) => false
  case None    => true
}

Test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object is T0.

Note that the result of the test is modulo Scala's erasure semantics. Therefore the expression 1.isInstanceOf[String] will return false, while the expression List(1).isInstanceOf[List[String]] will return true. In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as part of compilation it is not possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the specified type.

Tests whether this iterable collection can be repeatedly traversed. Always true for Iterables and false for Iterators unless overridden.

The companion object of this iterable collection, providing various factory methods.

Returns a singleton iterator returning the scala.Option's value if it is nonempty, or an empty iterator if the option is empty.

Selects the last element.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Optionally selects the last element.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Analogous to zip except that the elements in each collection are not consumed until a strict operation is invoked on the returned LazyZip2 decorator.

Calls to lazyZip can be chained to support higher arities (up to 4) without incurring the expense of constructing and deconstructing intermediary tuples.

val xs = List(1, 2, 3)
val res = (xs lazyZip xs lazyZip xs lazyZip xs).map((a, b, c, d) => a + b + c + d)
// res == List(4, 8, 12)

Returns a scala.Some containing the result of applying f to this scala.Option's value if this scala.Option is nonempty. Otherwise return None.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => Some(f(x))
  case None    => None
}

Finds the largest element.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Finds the first element which yields the largest value measured by function f.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Finds the first element which yields the largest value measured by function f.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Finds the largest element.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Finds the smallest element.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Finds the first element which yields the smallest value measured by function f.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Finds the first element which yields the smallest value measured by function f.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Finds the smallest element.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Equivalent to !(this eq that).

Returns false if the option is None, true otherwise.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(_) => true
  case None    => false
}

Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.

Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.

Returns this scala.Option if it is nonempty, otherwise return the result of evaluating alternative.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => Some(x)
  case None    => alternative
}

Returns the option's value if it is nonempty, or null if it is empty.

Although the use of null is discouraged, code written to use scala.Option must often interface with code that expects and returns nulls.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => x
  case None    => null
}

A pair of, first, all elements that satisfy predicate p and, second, all elements that do not. Interesting because it splits a collection in two.

The default implementation provided here needs to traverse the collection twice. Strict collections have an overridden version of partition in StrictOptimizedIterableOps, which requires only a single traversal.

Applies a function f to each element of the iterable collection and returns a pair of iterable collections: the first one made of those values returned by f that were wrapped in scala.util.Left, and the second one made of those wrapped in scala.util.Right.

Example:

val xs = `Iterable`(1, "one", 2, "two", 3, "three") partitionMap {
 case i: Int => Left(i)
 case s: String => Right(s)
}
// xs == (`Iterable`(1, 2, 3),
//        `Iterable`(one, two, three))

Multiplies up the elements of this collection.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

The name of the n^th element of this product, 0-based. In the default implementation, an empty string.

An iterator over the names of all the elements of this product.

An iterator over all the elements of this product.

A string used in the toString methods of derived classes. Implementations may override this method to prepend a string prefix to the result of toString methods.

Reduces the elements of this iterable collection using the specified associative binary operator.

The order in which operations are performed on elements is unspecified and may be nondeterministic.

Applies a binary operator to all elements of this iterable collection, going left to right.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered or the operator is associative and commutative.

Optionally applies a binary operator to all elements of this iterable collection, going left to right.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered or the operator is associative and commutative.

Reduces the elements of this iterable collection, if any, using the specified associative binary operator.

The order in which operations are performed on elements is unspecified and may be nondeterministic.

Applies a binary operator to all elements of this iterable collection, going right to left.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered or the operator is associative and commutative.

Optionally applies a binary operator to all elements of this iterable collection, going right to left.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered or the operator is associative and commutative.

Computes a prefix scan of the elements of the collection.

Note: The neutral element z may be applied more than once.

Produces a iterable collection containing cumulative results of applying the operator going left to right, including the initial value.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Produces a collection containing cumulative results of applying the operator going right to left. The head of the collection is the last cumulative result.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Note: Even when applied to a view or a lazy collection it will always force the elements.

Example:

List(1, 2, 3, 4).scanRight(0)(_ + _) == List(10, 9, 7, 4, 0)

Compares the size of this iterable collection to the size of another Iterable.

Compares the size of this iterable collection to a test value.

Returns a value class containing operations for comparing the size of this iterable collection to a test value.

These operations are implemented in terms of sizeCompare(Int), and allow the following more readable usages:

this.sizeIs < size     // this.sizeCompare(size) < 0
this.sizeIs <= size    // this.sizeCompare(size) <= 0
this.sizeIs == size    // this.sizeCompare(size) == 0
this.sizeIs != size    // this.sizeCompare(size) != 0
this.sizeIs >= size    // this.sizeCompare(size) >= 0
this.sizeIs > size     // this.sizeCompare(size) > 0

Selects an interval of elements. The returned iterable collection is made up of all elements x which satisfy the invariant:

from <= indexOf(x) < until

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Groups elements in fixed size blocks by passing a "sliding window" over them (as opposed to partitioning them, as is done in grouped.)

The returned iterator will be empty when called on an empty collection. The last element the iterator produces may be smaller than the window size when the original collection isn't exhausted by the window before it and its last element isn't skipped by the step before it.

Groups elements in fixed size blocks by passing a "sliding window" over them (as opposed to partitioning them, as is done in grouped.)

An empty collection returns an empty iterator, and a non-empty collection containing fewer elements than the window size returns an iterator that will produce the original collection as its only element.

Splits this iterable collection into a prefix/suffix pair according to a predicate.

Note: c span p is equivalent to (but possibly more efficient than) (c takeWhile p, c dropWhile p), provided the evaluation of the predicate p does not cause any side-effects.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Splits this iterable collection into a prefix/suffix pair at a given position.

Note: c splitAt n is equivalent to (but possibly more efficient than) (c take n, c drop n).

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Returns a scala.collection.Stepper for the elements of this collection.

The Stepper enables creating a Java stream to operate on the collection, see scala.jdk.StreamConverters. For collections holding primitive values, the Stepper can be used as an iterator which doesn't box the elements.

The implicit scala.collection.StepperShape parameter defines the resulting Stepper type according to the element type of this collection.

• For collections of Int, Short, Byte or Char, an scala.collection.IntStepper is returned
• For collections of Double or Float, a scala.collection.DoubleStepper is returned
• For collections of Long a scala.collection.LongStepper is returned
• For any other element type, an scala.collection.AnyStepper is returned

Note that this method is overridden in subclasses and the return type is refined to S with EfficientSplit, for example scala.collection.IndexedSeqOps.stepper. For Steppers marked with scala.collection.Stepper.EfficientSplit, the converters in scala.jdk.StreamConverters allow creating parallel streams, whereas bare Steppers can be converted only to sequential streams.

Sums up the elements of this collection.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

The rest of the collection without its first element.

Iterates over the tails of this iterable collection. The first value will be this iterable collection and the final one will be an empty iterable collection, with the intervening values the results of successive applications of tail.

Selects the first n elements.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Selects the last n elements.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Takes longest prefix of elements that satisfy a predicate.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Applies a side-effecting function to each element in this collection. Strict collections will apply f to their elements immediately, while lazy collections like Views and LazyLists will only apply f on each element if and when that element is evaluated, and each time that element is evaluated.

Given a collection factory factory, convert this collection to the appropriate representation for the current element type A. Example uses:

xs.to(List) xs.to(ArrayBuffer) xs.to(BitSet) // for xs: Iterable[Int]

Convert collection to array.

Implementation note: DO NOT call Array.from from this method.

Returns a scala.util.Right containing the given argument right if this is empty, or a scala.util.Left containing this scala.Option's value if this scala.Option is nonempty.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => Left(x)
  case None    => Right(right)
}

Returns a singleton list containing the scala.Option's value if it is nonempty, or the empty list if the scala.Option is empty.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => List(x)
  case None    => Nil
}

Returns a scala.util.Left containing the given argument left if this scala.Option is empty, or a scala.util.Right containing this scala.Option's value if this is nonempty.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some(x) => Right(x)
  case None    => Left(left)
}

Creates a String representation of this object. The default representation is platform dependent. On the java platform it is the concatenation of the class name, "@", and the object's hashcode in hexadecimal.

Transposes this iterable collection of iterable collections into a iterable collection of iterable collections.

The resulting collection's type will be guided by the static type of iterable collection. For example:

val xs = List(
           Set(1, 2, 3),
           Set(4, 5, 6)).transpose
// xs == List(
//         List(1, 4),
//         List(2, 5),
//         List(3, 6))

val ys = Vector(
           List(1, 2, 3),
           List(4, 5, 6)).transpose
// ys == Vector(
//         Vector(1, 4),
//         Vector(2, 5),
//         Vector(3, 6))

Note: Even when applied to a view or a lazy collection it will always force the elements.

Converts an Option of a pair into an Option of the first element and an Option of the second element.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some((x, y)) => (Some(x), Some(y))
  case _            => (None,    None)
}

Converts an Option of a triple into three Options, one containing the element from each position of the triple.

This is equivalent to:

option match {
  case Some((x, y, z)) => (Some(x), Some(y), Some(z))
  case _               => (None,    None,    None)
}

A view over the elements of this collection.

Necessary to keep scala.Option from being implicitly converted to scala.collection.Iterable in for comprehensions.

Returns a scala.Some formed from this option and another option by combining the corresponding elements in a pair. If either of the two options is empty, None is returned.

This is equivalent to:

(option1, option2) match {
  case (Some(x), Some(y)) => Some((x, y))
  case _                  => None
}

Returns a iterable collection formed from this iterable collection and another iterable collection by combining corresponding elements in pairs. If one of the two collections is shorter than the other, placeholder elements are used to extend the shorter collection to the length of the longer.

Zips this iterable collection with its indices.

Builds a new iterable collection by applying a partial function to all elements of this iterable collection on which the function is defined.

Counts the number of elements in the iterable collection which satisfy a predicate.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Tests whether a predicate holds for at least one element of this iterable collection.

Note: may not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Selects all elements of this iterable collection which satisfy a predicate.

Selects all elements of this iterable collection which do not satisfy a predicate.

Finds the first element of the iterable collection satisfying a predicate, if any.

Note: may not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Note: might return different results for different runs, unless the underlying collection type is ordered.

Builds a new iterable collection by applying a function to all elements of this iterable collection and using the elements of the resulting collections.

For example:

def getWords(lines: Seq[String]): Seq[String] = lines flatMap (line => line split "\\W+")

The type of the resulting collection is guided by the static type of iterable collection. This might cause unexpected results sometimes. For example:

// lettersOf will return a Seq[Char] of likely repeated letters, instead of a Set
def lettersOf(words: Seq[String]) = words flatMap (word => word.toSet)

// lettersOf will return a Set[Char], not a Seq
def lettersOf(words: Seq[String]) = words.toSet flatMap ((word: String) => word.toSeq)

// xs will be an Iterable[Int]
val xs = Map("a" -> List(11,111), "b" -> List(22,222)).flatMap(_._2)

// ys will be a Map[Int, Int]
val ys = Map("a" -> List(1 -> 11,1 -> 111), "b" -> List(2 -> 22,2 -> 222)).flatMap(_._2)

Converts this iterable collection of traversable collections into a iterable collection formed by the elements of these traversable collections.

The resulting collection's type will be guided by the type of iterable collection. For example:

val xs = List(
           Set(1, 2, 3),
           Set(1, 2, 3)
         ).flatten
// xs == List(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)

val ys = Set(
           List(1, 2, 3),
           List(3, 2, 1)
         ).flatten
// ys == Set(1, 2, 3)

Folds the elements of this iterable collection using the specified associative binary operator. The default implementation in IterableOnce is equivalent to foldLeft but may be overridden for more efficient traversal orders.

The order in which operations are performed on elements is unspecified and may be nondeterministic.

Note: will not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Tests whether a predicate holds for all elements of this iterable collection.

Note: may not terminate for infinite-sized collections.

Apply f to each element for its side effects Note: [U] parameter needed to help scalac's type inference.

Tests whether the iterable collection is empty.

Note: Implementations in subclasses that are not repeatedly traversable must take care not to consume any elements when isEmpty is called.